![]() We developed an open source bioinformatics tool for an unbiased assessment of calcium signals in x,y-t imaging series. Spontaneous or cell-autonomous calcium signals may be difficult to assess because they appear in an unpredictable spatiotemporal pattern and in very small neuronal loci of axons or dendrites. Local and spontaneous calcium signals play important roles in neurons and neuronal networks. The proposed approach can potentially lead to novel nanomedicine solutions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, where a combination of nanotechnology and gene therapy approaches can be used to elicit the regulated Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes, ultimately improving neuronal activity. It shows that the refractory periods from Ca2+ can be maintained to lower the noise propagation resulting in smaller time-slots for bit transmission, which can also improve the delay and gain performances. The theoretical analysis of the given model aims i) to stabilize the Ca2+ concentration around a particular desired level in order to prevent abnormal gliotransmitters' concentration (extremely high or low concentration can result in neurodegeneration), ii) to improve the molecular communication performance that utilises Ca2+ signalling, and maintain gliotransmitters' regulation remotely. A feed-forward and feedback control technique is used to manipulate IP3 values to stabilise the concentration of Ca2+ inside the astrocytes. In this paper, a theoretical investigation of the cause of the abnormal concentration of gliotransmitters and how to achieve its control is presented through a Ca2+-signalling-based molecular communications framework. And, an abnormal concentration of gliotransmitters is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy. Synaptic plasticity depends on the gliotransmitters' concentration in the synaptic channel. The traces were obtained by averaging 7 spatial pixels delineated by the thin black lines indicated around the calcium spike #2. B: The time courses of the fluorescent profiles of the spikes marked by the numbered red arrowheads in A. The arrowheads mark calcium spikes selected for analysis. The black trace at the left represents the temporal average of fluorescent intensity of the pixels in the white rectangle. The white rectangle delineates the region of image chosen for calcium spike detection. ![]() ![]() The green rectangle delineates the scan region preceding the stimulus (shown above the image) that is used for estimation of baseline cell fluorescence and the level of noise. The red rectangle delineates the non-cell region used for estimation of the background fluorescence level. The fluorescence intensity is color-coded. Detection and extraction of calcium spikes for analysis.Ī: a line scan confocal (x-t) image with three indicated regions of interest.
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